The Perceptions of Healthcare Workers about the COVID 19 Vaccine, Baghdad, Iraq, 2021
Keywords:
Healthcare
Abstract
Background: Healthcare workers' perception and vaccine use are significant elements that are consistently linked to people's acceptance and lessened hesitation/aversion that will lead to increased vaccine usage and vaccination schedule adherence.
Objectives: To determine the perceptions of healthcare workers working in the medical city teaching hospitals on the COVID-19vaccine, Baghdad, Iraq, 2021.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using a convenient sample of healthcare workers working in the medical city teaching hospitals, Baghdad, Iraq. The Data was collected from Feb to May 2021 using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was broken up into three partss: part 1 asked about sociodemographic traits, part 2 asked about opinions on the COVID-19 vaccine, and part 3 asked about potential ways to promote the immunisation in the future as well as obstacles to getting it.
Results: The overall number of participants in the research was 312; 65% were females, 37% were between the ages of 30-39, and one-third were medical practitioners. 54% of those polled had a history of COVID-19 infection. Less than half of the individuals (48%) elected to acquire the vaccination whenever it was offered. When it becomes available, 26% of the participants think the COVID-19 vaccination is safe, and 25% think it will be successful. Social media received the greatest reports of knowledge on the COVID-19 vaccine (57%), followed by official websites of international health organisations and news outlets including the US CDC and WHO (46.8%). Twenty-nine percent of participants felt the vaccination may prevent COVID-19 problems, and 92% advocated for a vigorous public awareness campaign regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Being a doctor is substantially linked with an increased incidence of vaccination uptake in the binary logistic regression (OR 7.2, 95% CI 2.67 -19.66, P<0.001). Age, gender, education level, and past infection history were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) other variables.
Conclusions: The total acceptability percentage of the COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare personnel was less than 50%. To build and keep the public's trust in COVID-19 vaccines, healthcare workers must be ready to use a science- and evidence-based method that looks at the safety and effectiveness of vaccines in the community.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Weston S, Frieman MB. COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions. Msphere. 2020 Mar 18;5(2):e00203-20.
2. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical medicine & international health. 2020 Mar;25(3):278.
3. Beigi A, Yousefpour A, Yasami A, Gómez-Aguilar JF, Bekiros S, Jahanshahi H. Application of reinforcement learning for effective vaccination strategies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur Phys J Plus. 2021;136(5):609.
4. Schaffer DeRoo S, Pudalov NJ, Fu LY. Planning for a COVID-19 Vaccination Program. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2458-9.
5. Hussain S. Immunization and vaccination. Psychiatry of Pandemics: Springer; 2019. p. 153-77.
6. Sherman SM, Smith LE, Sim J, Amlôt R, Cutts M, Dasch H, et al. COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. 2021;17(6):1612-21.
7. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Herd Immunity, Lockdowns and COVID-19 [4 April,2021]. Accessed April 10, 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19 .
8. Khaled SM, Petcu C, Bader L, Amro I, Al-Hamadi AMHA, Al Assi M, et al. Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):471.
9. Dodd RH, Pickles K, Nickel B, Cvejic E, Ayre J, Batcup C, et al. Concerns and motivations about COVID-19 vaccination. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2021;21(2):161-3.
10. To QG, Stanton R, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, et al. Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 Declines in Australia, Except in Lockdown Areas. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):479.
11. Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Knoll MD, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(3):482.
12. World Health Organization. Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019. Accessed December 10, 2020. [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
13. MacDonald NE, Dubé E. Unpacking Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Providers. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(8):792-3.
14. Bankamp B, Hickman C, Icenogle JP, Rota PA. Successes and challenges for preventing measles, mumps and rubella by vaccination. Current opinion in virology. 2019;34:110-6.
15. Fu C, Wei Z, Pei S, Li S, Sun X, Liu P. Acceptance and preference for COVID-19 vaccination in health-care workers (HCWs). MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
16. Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Alotaibi NH, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Tanveer N, et al. Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: the need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. The American journal of tropical medicine hygiene. 2020;103(2):603.
17. Leask J, Kinnersley P, Jackson C, Cheater F, Bedford H, Rowles G. Communicating with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC pediatrics. 2012;12(1):1-11.
18. Schmitt H-J, Booy R, Aston R, Van Damme P, Schumacher RF, Campins M, et al. How to optimise the coverage rate of infant and adult immunisations in Europe. BMC medicine. 2007;5(1):1-8.
19. Asma S, Akan H, Uysal Y, Poçan AG, Sucaklı MH, Yengil E, et al. Factors effecting influenza vaccination uptake among health care workers: a multi-center cross-sectional study. BMC infectious diseases. 2016;16(1):1-9.
20. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International journal of biological sciences. 2020;16(10):1745.
21. Hageman JR. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SLACK Incorporated Thorofare, NJ; 2020.
22. Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical Immunology. 2020;215:108427.
23. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Accessed June 7, 2021. [Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
24. Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update. Frontiers of medicine. 2020;14(2):126-35.
25. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian journal of pediatrics. 2020;87(4):281-6.
26. Struyf T, Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Leeflang MM, et al. Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID‐19 disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020(7).
27. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E15-E25.
28. World Health Organization. Coronavirus 2020. Accessed December 13, 2020. [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.
29. He F, Deng Y, Li W. Coronavirus disease 2019: What we know? Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(7):719-25.
30. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2020;20(4):425-34.
31. Menni C, Sudre CH, Steves CJ, Ourselin S, Spector TD. Quantifying additional COVID-19 symptoms will save lives. The Lancet. 2020;395(10241):e107-e8.
32. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. 2021.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for Clinicians on Investigational Therapeutics for Patients with COVID-19. Accessed January 19, 2021. [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html.
34. National Institutes of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Accessed April 10, 2021. [Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management/.
35. Trougakos IP, Stamatelopoulos K, Terpos E, Tsitsilonis OE, Aivalioti E, Paraskevis D, et al. Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2021;28(1):1-18.
36. Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, et al. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature Human Behaviour. 2021:1-7.
37. WITTE TC. Preparing for a COVID-19 vaccine: Erasmus University; 2020.
38. Jeyanathan M, Afkhami S, Smaill F, Miller MS, Lichty BD, Xing Z. Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020;20(10):615-32.
39. Moghadas SM, Vilches TN, Zhang K, Nourbakhsh S, Sah P, Fitzpatrick MC, et al. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose. PLoS Biology. 2021;19(4):e3001211.
40. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
41. Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ, Flaxman AL, Folegatti PM, Owens DR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. The Lancet. 2020;396(10267):1979-93.
42. Walsh EE, Frenck Jr RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(25):2439-50.
43. Ditekemena JD, Nkamba DM, Mavoko AM, Hypolite M, Siewe Fodjo JN, Luhata C, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional survey. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(2):153.
44. Mills MC, Salisbury D. The challenges of distributing COVID-19 vaccinations. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;31.
45. Gadoth A, Halbrook M, Martin-Blais R, Gray AN, Tobin NH, Ferbas KG, et al. Assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in Los Angeles. medRxiv. 2020.
46. Al-Mohaithef M, Padhi BK. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia: a web-based national survey. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2020;13:1657.
47. Prieto Curiel R, González Ramírez HJSR. Vaccination strategies against COVID-19 and the diffusion of anti-vaccination views. 2021;11.
48. Pezzotti P, Bellino S, Prestinaci F, Iacchini S, Lucaroni F, Camoni L, et al. The impact of immunization programs on 10 vaccine preventable diseases in Italy: 1900–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(11):1435-43.
49. Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature medicine. 2020:1-4.
50. Soares P, Rocha JV, Moniz M, Gama A, Laires PA, Pedro AR, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. 2021;9(3):300.
51. Adeniyi OV, Stead D, Singata-Madliki M, Batting J, Wright M, Jelliman E, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine among the Healthcare Workers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Cross Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):666.
52. Qayum I. Top ten global health threats for 2019: the WHO list. Journal of Rehman Medical Institute. 2019;5(2):01-2.
53. Biasio LR, Bonaccorsi G, Lorini C, Pecorelli S. Assessing COVID-19 vaccine literacy: a preliminary online survey. Human vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. 2021;17(5):1304-12.
54. Fisher KA, Bloomstone SJ, Walder J, Crawford S, Fouayzi H, Mazor K. Attitudes toward a potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a survey of US adults. Annals of internal medicine. 2020;173(12):964-73.
55. Seale H, Heywood AE, Leask J, Sheel M, Durrheim DN, Bolsewicz K, et al. Examining Australian public perceptions and behaviors towards a future COVID-19 vaccine. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2021;21(1):120.
56. Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo C-G, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e475-e83.
57. Olum R, Chekwech G, Wekha G, Nassozi DR, Bongomin F. Coronavirus disease-2019: knowledge, attitude, and practices of health care workers at Makerere University Teaching Hospitals, Uganda. Frontiers in public health. 2020;8:181.
58. World Health Organization. Essential Programme on Immunization. Accessed December 13, 2020. [Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization
59. Ahmed G, Almoosa Z, Mohamed D, Rapal J, Minguez O, Abu Khurma I, et al. Healthcare Provider Attitudes toward the Newly Developed COVID-19 Vaccine: Cross-Sectional Study. Nursing Reports. 2021;11(1):187-94.
60. Nzaji MK, Ngombe LK, Mwamba GN, Ndala DBB, Miema JM, Lungoyo CL, et al. Acceptability of Vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pragmatic and Observational research. 2020;11:103.
61. Biswas N, Mustapha T, Khubchandani J, Price J. The Nature and Extent of COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in Healthcare Workers. Journal of Community Health. 2021:1-8.
62. Qunaibi E, Basheti I, Soudy M, Sultan I. Hesitancy of arab healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a Large-Scale multinational study. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):446.
63. Chew NW, Cheong C, Kong G, Phua K, Ngiam JN, Tan BY, et al. An Asia-Pacific study on healthcare workers’ perceptions of, and willingness to receive, the COVID-19 vaccination. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;106:52-60.
64. Al-Metwali BZ, Al-Jumaili AA, Al-Alag ZA, Sorofman B. Exploring the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population using health belief model. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2021;n/a(n/a).
65. Baghdadi LR, Alghaihb SG, Abuhaimed AA, Alkelabi DM, Alqahtani RS. Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives on the Upcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in Terms of Their Exposure to the Influenza Vaccine in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):465.
66. Barry M, Temsah M-H, Alhuzaimi A, Alamro N, Al-Eyadhy A, Aljamaan F, et al. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and hesitancy among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey from a MERS-CoV experienced nation. medRxiv. 2020.
67. Fares S, Elmnyer MM, Mohamed SS, Elsayed R. COVID-19 Vaccination Perception and Attitude among Healthcare Workers in Egypt. Journal of Primary Care and Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211013303.
68. Maraqa B, Nazzal Z, Rabi R, Sarhan N, Al-Shakhra K, Al-Kaila M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health care workers in Palestine: A call for action. Preventive Medicine. 2021;149:106618.
69. Kaplan AK, Sahin MK, Parildar H, Adadan Guvenc I. The willingness to accept the COVID‐19 vaccine and affecting factors among healthcare professionals: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2021:e14226.
70. Gagneux-Brunon A, Detoc M, Bruel S, Tardy B, Rozaire O, Frappe P, et al. Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2021;108:168-73.
71. Di Gennaro F, Murri R, Segala FV, Cerruti L, Abdulle A, Saracino A, et al. Attitudes towards Anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccination among healthcare workers: Results from a national survey in Italy. Viruses. 2021;13(3):371.
72. Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Singh M, Kottewar S, Mir H, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(2):119.
73. Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine. 2013;35(2):121.
74. Joseph B, Joseph M. The health of the healthcare workers. Indian journal of occupational environmental medicine. 2016;20(2):71.
75. Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, Mizrachi M, Zigron A, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology. 2020;35(8):775-9.
76. Malik AA, McFadden SM, Elharake J, Omer SB. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;26:100495.
77. Oliver K, Raut A, Pierre S, Silvera L, Boulos A, Gale A, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine receipt at two integrated healthcare systems in New York City: A Cross sectional study of healthcare workers. medRxiv. 2021.
78. Dubé E, Leask J, Wolff B, Hickler B, Balaban V, Hosein E, et al. The WHO Tailoring Immunization Programmes (TIP) approach: Review of implementation to date. Vaccine. 2018;36(11):1509-15.
79. Huynh G, Tran TT, Nguyen HTN, Pham LA. COVID-19 vaccination intention among healthcare workers in Vietnam. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2021;14(4):159.
80. Qattan A, Alshareef N, Alsharqi O, Al Rahahleh N, Chirwa GC, Al-Hanawi MK. Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8:83.
81. Ledda C, Costantino C, Cuccia M, Maltezou HC, Rapisarda V. Attitudes of Healthcare Personnel towards Vaccinations before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(5):2703.
82. Verger P, Scronias D, Dauby N, Adedzi KA, Gobert C, Bergeat M, et al. Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada, 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2021;26(3):2002047.
83. French J, Deshpande S, Evans W, Obregon R. Key guidelines in developing a pre-emptive COVID-19 vaccination uptake promotion strategy. International journal of environmental research public health. 2020;17(16):5893.
84. Cuello-Garcia C, Pérez-Gaxiola G, van Amelsvoort L. Social media can have an impact on how we manage and investigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2020;127:198.
85. González-Padilla DA, Tortolero-Blanco L. Social media influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International braz j urol. 2020;46:120-4.
2. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical medicine & international health. 2020 Mar;25(3):278.
3. Beigi A, Yousefpour A, Yasami A, Gómez-Aguilar JF, Bekiros S, Jahanshahi H. Application of reinforcement learning for effective vaccination strategies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur Phys J Plus. 2021;136(5):609.
4. Schaffer DeRoo S, Pudalov NJ, Fu LY. Planning for a COVID-19 Vaccination Program. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2458-9.
5. Hussain S. Immunization and vaccination. Psychiatry of Pandemics: Springer; 2019. p. 153-77.
6. Sherman SM, Smith LE, Sim J, Amlôt R, Cutts M, Dasch H, et al. COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. 2021;17(6):1612-21.
7. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Herd Immunity, Lockdowns and COVID-19 [4 April,2021]. Accessed April 10, 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19 .
8. Khaled SM, Petcu C, Bader L, Amro I, Al-Hamadi AMHA, Al Assi M, et al. Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):471.
9. Dodd RH, Pickles K, Nickel B, Cvejic E, Ayre J, Batcup C, et al. Concerns and motivations about COVID-19 vaccination. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2021;21(2):161-3.
10. To QG, Stanton R, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, et al. Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 Declines in Australia, Except in Lockdown Areas. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):479.
11. Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Knoll MD, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(3):482.
12. World Health Organization. Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019. Accessed December 10, 2020. [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
13. MacDonald NE, Dubé E. Unpacking Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Providers. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(8):792-3.
14. Bankamp B, Hickman C, Icenogle JP, Rota PA. Successes and challenges for preventing measles, mumps and rubella by vaccination. Current opinion in virology. 2019;34:110-6.
15. Fu C, Wei Z, Pei S, Li S, Sun X, Liu P. Acceptance and preference for COVID-19 vaccination in health-care workers (HCWs). MedRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.
16. Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Alotaibi NH, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Tanveer N, et al. Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: the need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. The American journal of tropical medicine hygiene. 2020;103(2):603.
17. Leask J, Kinnersley P, Jackson C, Cheater F, Bedford H, Rowles G. Communicating with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC pediatrics. 2012;12(1):1-11.
18. Schmitt H-J, Booy R, Aston R, Van Damme P, Schumacher RF, Campins M, et al. How to optimise the coverage rate of infant and adult immunisations in Europe. BMC medicine. 2007;5(1):1-8.
19. Asma S, Akan H, Uysal Y, Poçan AG, Sucaklı MH, Yengil E, et al. Factors effecting influenza vaccination uptake among health care workers: a multi-center cross-sectional study. BMC infectious diseases. 2016;16(1):1-9.
20. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. International journal of biological sciences. 2020;16(10):1745.
21. Hageman JR. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SLACK Incorporated Thorofare, NJ; 2020.
22. Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical Immunology. 2020;215:108427.
23. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Accessed June 7, 2021. [Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
24. Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update. Frontiers of medicine. 2020;14(2):126-35.
25. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian journal of pediatrics. 2020;87(4):281-6.
26. Struyf T, Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Leeflang MM, et al. Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID‐19 disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020(7).
27. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E15-E25.
28. World Health Organization. Coronavirus 2020. Accessed December 13, 2020. [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.
29. He F, Deng Y, Li W. Coronavirus disease 2019: What we know? Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(7):719-25.
30. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2020;20(4):425-34.
31. Menni C, Sudre CH, Steves CJ, Ourselin S, Spector TD. Quantifying additional COVID-19 symptoms will save lives. The Lancet. 2020;395(10241):e107-e8.
32. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. 2021.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for Clinicians on Investigational Therapeutics for Patients with COVID-19. Accessed January 19, 2021. [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html.
34. National Institutes of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Accessed April 10, 2021. [Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management/.
35. Trougakos IP, Stamatelopoulos K, Terpos E, Tsitsilonis OE, Aivalioti E, Paraskevis D, et al. Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2021;28(1):1-18.
36. Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, et al. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature Human Behaviour. 2021:1-7.
37. WITTE TC. Preparing for a COVID-19 vaccine: Erasmus University; 2020.
38. Jeyanathan M, Afkhami S, Smaill F, Miller MS, Lichty BD, Xing Z. Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020;20(10):615-32.
39. Moghadas SM, Vilches TN, Zhang K, Nourbakhsh S, Sah P, Fitzpatrick MC, et al. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose. PLoS Biology. 2021;19(4):e3001211.
40. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
41. Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ, Flaxman AL, Folegatti PM, Owens DR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. The Lancet. 2020;396(10267):1979-93.
42. Walsh EE, Frenck Jr RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(25):2439-50.
43. Ditekemena JD, Nkamba DM, Mavoko AM, Hypolite M, Siewe Fodjo JN, Luhata C, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional survey. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(2):153.
44. Mills MC, Salisbury D. The challenges of distributing COVID-19 vaccinations. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;31.
45. Gadoth A, Halbrook M, Martin-Blais R, Gray AN, Tobin NH, Ferbas KG, et al. Assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in Los Angeles. medRxiv. 2020.
46. Al-Mohaithef M, Padhi BK. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia: a web-based national survey. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2020;13:1657.
47. Prieto Curiel R, González Ramírez HJSR. Vaccination strategies against COVID-19 and the diffusion of anti-vaccination views. 2021;11.
48. Pezzotti P, Bellino S, Prestinaci F, Iacchini S, Lucaroni F, Camoni L, et al. The impact of immunization programs on 10 vaccine preventable diseases in Italy: 1900–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(11):1435-43.
49. Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature medicine. 2020:1-4.
50. Soares P, Rocha JV, Moniz M, Gama A, Laires PA, Pedro AR, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. 2021;9(3):300.
51. Adeniyi OV, Stead D, Singata-Madliki M, Batting J, Wright M, Jelliman E, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine among the Healthcare Workers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Cross Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):666.
52. Qayum I. Top ten global health threats for 2019: the WHO list. Journal of Rehman Medical Institute. 2019;5(2):01-2.
53. Biasio LR, Bonaccorsi G, Lorini C, Pecorelli S. Assessing COVID-19 vaccine literacy: a preliminary online survey. Human vaccines and Immunotherapeutics. 2021;17(5):1304-12.
54. Fisher KA, Bloomstone SJ, Walder J, Crawford S, Fouayzi H, Mazor K. Attitudes toward a potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a survey of US adults. Annals of internal medicine. 2020;173(12):964-73.
55. Seale H, Heywood AE, Leask J, Sheel M, Durrheim DN, Bolsewicz K, et al. Examining Australian public perceptions and behaviors towards a future COVID-19 vaccine. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2021;21(1):120.
56. Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo C-G, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(9):e475-e83.
57. Olum R, Chekwech G, Wekha G, Nassozi DR, Bongomin F. Coronavirus disease-2019: knowledge, attitude, and practices of health care workers at Makerere University Teaching Hospitals, Uganda. Frontiers in public health. 2020;8:181.
58. World Health Organization. Essential Programme on Immunization. Accessed December 13, 2020. [Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization
59. Ahmed G, Almoosa Z, Mohamed D, Rapal J, Minguez O, Abu Khurma I, et al. Healthcare Provider Attitudes toward the Newly Developed COVID-19 Vaccine: Cross-Sectional Study. Nursing Reports. 2021;11(1):187-94.
60. Nzaji MK, Ngombe LK, Mwamba GN, Ndala DBB, Miema JM, Lungoyo CL, et al. Acceptability of Vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pragmatic and Observational research. 2020;11:103.
61. Biswas N, Mustapha T, Khubchandani J, Price J. The Nature and Extent of COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in Healthcare Workers. Journal of Community Health. 2021:1-8.
62. Qunaibi E, Basheti I, Soudy M, Sultan I. Hesitancy of arab healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a Large-Scale multinational study. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):446.
63. Chew NW, Cheong C, Kong G, Phua K, Ngiam JN, Tan BY, et al. An Asia-Pacific study on healthcare workers’ perceptions of, and willingness to receive, the COVID-19 vaccination. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;106:52-60.
64. Al-Metwali BZ, Al-Jumaili AA, Al-Alag ZA, Sorofman B. Exploring the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population using health belief model. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2021;n/a(n/a).
65. Baghdadi LR, Alghaihb SG, Abuhaimed AA, Alkelabi DM, Alqahtani RS. Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives on the Upcoming COVID-19 Vaccine in Terms of Their Exposure to the Influenza Vaccine in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(5):465.
66. Barry M, Temsah M-H, Alhuzaimi A, Alamro N, Al-Eyadhy A, Aljamaan F, et al. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and hesitancy among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey from a MERS-CoV experienced nation. medRxiv. 2020.
67. Fares S, Elmnyer MM, Mohamed SS, Elsayed R. COVID-19 Vaccination Perception and Attitude among Healthcare Workers in Egypt. Journal of Primary Care and Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211013303.
68. Maraqa B, Nazzal Z, Rabi R, Sarhan N, Al-Shakhra K, Al-Kaila M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health care workers in Palestine: A call for action. Preventive Medicine. 2021;149:106618.
69. Kaplan AK, Sahin MK, Parildar H, Adadan Guvenc I. The willingness to accept the COVID‐19 vaccine and affecting factors among healthcare professionals: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2021:e14226.
70. Gagneux-Brunon A, Detoc M, Bruel S, Tardy B, Rozaire O, Frappe P, et al. Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2021;108:168-73.
71. Di Gennaro F, Murri R, Segala FV, Cerruti L, Abdulle A, Saracino A, et al. Attitudes towards Anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccination among healthcare workers: Results from a national survey in Italy. Viruses. 2021;13(3):371.
72. Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Singh M, Kottewar S, Mir H, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(2):119.
73. Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine. 2013;35(2):121.
74. Joseph B, Joseph M. The health of the healthcare workers. Indian journal of occupational environmental medicine. 2016;20(2):71.
75. Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, Mizrachi M, Zigron A, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology. 2020;35(8):775-9.
76. Malik AA, McFadden SM, Elharake J, Omer SB. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;26:100495.
77. Oliver K, Raut A, Pierre S, Silvera L, Boulos A, Gale A, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine receipt at two integrated healthcare systems in New York City: A Cross sectional study of healthcare workers. medRxiv. 2021.
78. Dubé E, Leask J, Wolff B, Hickler B, Balaban V, Hosein E, et al. The WHO Tailoring Immunization Programmes (TIP) approach: Review of implementation to date. Vaccine. 2018;36(11):1509-15.
79. Huynh G, Tran TT, Nguyen HTN, Pham LA. COVID-19 vaccination intention among healthcare workers in Vietnam. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2021;14(4):159.
80. Qattan A, Alshareef N, Alsharqi O, Al Rahahleh N, Chirwa GC, Al-Hanawi MK. Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8:83.
81. Ledda C, Costantino C, Cuccia M, Maltezou HC, Rapisarda V. Attitudes of Healthcare Personnel towards Vaccinations before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(5):2703.
82. Verger P, Scronias D, Dauby N, Adedzi KA, Gobert C, Bergeat M, et al. Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada, 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2021;26(3):2002047.
83. French J, Deshpande S, Evans W, Obregon R. Key guidelines in developing a pre-emptive COVID-19 vaccination uptake promotion strategy. International journal of environmental research public health. 2020;17(16):5893.
84. Cuello-Garcia C, Pérez-Gaxiola G, van Amelsvoort L. Social media can have an impact on how we manage and investigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2020;127:198.
85. González-Padilla DA, Tortolero-Blanco L. Social media influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International braz j urol. 2020;46:120-4.
Published
2023-09-28
How to Cite
Allawi, Z. H., Lami, D. F. H. A., & Jaafer, K. G. (2023). The Perceptions of Healthcare Workers about the COVID 19 Vaccine, Baghdad, Iraq, 2021. Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science, 4(9), 91-111. Retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJOTAS/article/view/1283
Section
Articles
