Comparing Warm and Cold Bupivacaine for Cesarean Section Spinal Anesthesia
Keywords:
Warm, Cold, Bupivacaine, Cesarean Section, Spinal Anesthesia
Abstract
Spinal anesthesia is widely favored for cesarean sections due to its benefits over general anesthesia, but shivering remains a common issue. This study compares warm and cold storage of heavy bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery. One hundred parturient women were divided into groups receiving warm or cold bupivacaine, and vital signs, shivering, and block duration were assessed. While no significant differences were found in vital signs or block duration, shivering incidence was notably higher in the cold bupivacaine group. These findings highlight the importance of considering the temperature of local anesthetic solutions to mitigate shivering, indicating a need for further exploration of contributing factors. Optimizing bupivacaine temperature may enhance patient comfort and safety during cesarean sections. Further research could elucidate the multifactorial nature of shivering during spinal anesthesia, improving obstetric anesthesia practices.
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References
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[34.] J. De Witte and D. I. Sessler, "Perioperative shivering: Physiology and pharmacology," Anesthesiology, vol. 96, pp. 467-484, 2002.
[35.] Y. T. Joen et al., "Intrathecal clonidine does not reduce post spinal shivering," Acta Anesthesiol Scand, vol. 49, pp.1509-1513, 2005.
[36.] A. Najafianaraki et al., "The effect of warm and cold intrathecal bupivacaine on shivering during delivery under spinal anesthesia," Sandi J Anaeth, vol. 6, pp. 336-340, 2012.
[37.] N. Kishore et al., "In spinal anesthesia for cesarean section the temperature of bupivacaine affects the onset of shivering but not the incidence," J Clin Diagn Res, vol. 10, pp. 18-21, 2016.
[38.] J. Ponte and D. I. Sessler, "Extradural and shivering effect of cold and warm extradural saline injection in volunteers," Br J Anaesth, vol. 64, pp. 731-733, 1990.
[39.] D. Beardsworth and D. H. Lambert, "Warming 0.5% bupivacaine to 37 degrees increase during of spinal anesthesia," Reg Anesth, vol. 14, pp. 199, 1989.
[2.] Medchrome.com, "Spinal Anesthesia: Anatomy, Physiology, Technique, Contraindication and Complication," Available: http://medchrome.com/minor/anaesthesia-minor/spinal-anaesthesia-procedure, Accessed on: May 9, 2013.
[3.] K. J. Chin, M. K. Karmakar, and P. Peng, "Ultrasonography of the adult thoracic and lumbar spine for central neuraxial blockade," Anesthesiology, vol. 114, no. 6, pp. 1459-1485, 2011.
[4.] A. R. Aitkenhead, L. K. Moppet, and J. P. Thompson, "Smith & Aitkenhead’s Textbook of Anaesthesia," 6th ed. Elsevier, 2013, pp. 24-525.
[5.] K. G. Allman, L. H. Wilson, and A. M. O’Donnell, "Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia," 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 33-741.
[6.] J. M. Neal et al., "ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine," Reg Anesth Pain Med, vol. 33, p. 404, 2008.
[7.] J. M. Neal et al., "ASRA practice advisory on neurologic complications in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine," Reg Anes Pain Med, vol. 33, pp. 404-415, 2008.
[8.] J. R. Hebl et al., "Neuraxial blockade in patients with preexisting spinal stenosis, lumbar disk disease, or prior spine surgery: efficacy and neurologic complications," Anesth Analg, vol. 111, no. 6, pp. 1511-1519, 2010.
[9.] S. Berkowitz and M. I. Gold, "Spinal anesthesia for surgery in patients with previous lumbar laminectomy," Anesth Analg, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 881-882, 1980.
[10.] S. B. McDonald, "Is neuraxial blockade contraindicated in the patient with aortic stenosis?" Reg Anesth Pain Med, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 496-502, 2004.
[11.] N. M. Greene, "Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space," Anesth Analg, vol. 64, no.7, pp. 715-730, 1985.
[12.] A. C. Lui et al., "Densities of cerebrospinal fluid and spinal anaesthetic solutions in surgical patients at body temperature," Can J Anaesth, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 297-303, 1998.
[13.] J. E. Tetzlaff et al., "Influence of baricity on the outcome of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for lumbar spine surgery," Reg Anesth, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 533-537, 1995.
[14.] J. A. Wildsmith et al., "Effects of posture on the spread of isobaric and hyperbaric amethocaine," Br J Anaesth, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 273-278, 1981.
[15.] M. C. Sheskey et al., "A dose-response study of bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia," Anesth Analg, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 931-935, 1983.
[16.] R. L. Carpenter et al., "Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia," Anesthesiology, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 24-29, 1998.
[17.] D. C. Moore, "Spinal anesthesia: bupivacaine compared with tetracaine," Anesth Analg, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 743-750, 1980.
[18.] B. Ben-David et al., "Spinal bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: the effect of saline dilution," Anesth Analg, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 716-720, 1996.
[19.] G. S. Nair et al., "Systematic review of spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy," Br J Anaesth, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 307-315, 2009.
[20.] R. L. Carpenter et al., "Incidence and risk factors for side effects of spinal anesthesia," Anesthesiology, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 906-916, 1992.
[21.] B. Hartmann et al., "The incidence and risk factors for hypotension after spinal anesthesia induction: an analysis with automated data collection," Anesth Analg, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1521-1529, 2002.
[22.] C. Loubert, "Fluid and vasopressor management for Cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: continuing professional development," Can J Anaesth, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 604-619, 2012.
[23.] L. J. Crowley and D. J. Buggy, "Shivering and neuraxial anaesthesia," Reg Anesth Pain Med, vol. 33, pp. 241-252, 2008.
[24.] J. De Witte and D. I. Sessler, "Perioperative shivering: Physiology and pharmacology," Anesthesiology, vol. 96, pp. 467-484, 2002.
[25.] S. N. Piper et al., "Urapidil does not prevent postanesthetic shivering: A dose-ranging study," Can J Anaesth, vol. 48, pp. 742-747, 2001.
[26.] J. D. Roy et al., "Intrathecal meperidine decreases shivering during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia," Anesth Analg, vol. 98, pp. 230-234, 2004.
[27.] Y. T. Jeon et al., "Intrathecal clonidine does not reduce post-spinal shivering," Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol. 49, pp. 1509-1513, 2005.
[28.] A. L. Pauca et al., "Effect of Pethidine, Fentanyl and Morphine on Post-Operative Shivering in Man," Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol. 28, pp. 138-143, 1984.
[29.] T. H. Emerick et al., "Epidural anesthesia increases apparent leg temperature and decreases the shivering threshold," Anesthesiology, vol. 81, pp. 289-298, 1994.
[30.] A. G. Doufas et al., "Dexmedetomidine and meperidine additively reduce the shivering threshold in humans," Stroke, vol. 34, pp. 1218-1223, 2003.
[31.] S. Kizilirmak et al., "Magnesium sulphate stops postanesthetic shivering," Proc N Y Acad Sci, vol. 813, pp. 799-806, 1997.
[32.] M. A. Courtney et al., "Perioperative analgesia with subarachnoid sufentanil administration," Reg Anesth, pp. 1-5. [33.] L. J. Crowley and D. J. Buggy, "Shivering and neuroaxial anesthesia," Reg Anesth Pain Med, vol. 33, pp. 241-252,
2008.
[34.] J. De Witte and D. I. Sessler, "Perioperative shivering: Physiology and pharmacology," Anesthesiology, vol. 96, pp. 467-484, 2002.
[35.] Y. T. Joen et al., "Intrathecal clonidine does not reduce post spinal shivering," Acta Anesthesiol Scand, vol. 49, pp.1509-1513, 2005.
[36.] A. Najafianaraki et al., "The effect of warm and cold intrathecal bupivacaine on shivering during delivery under spinal anesthesia," Sandi J Anaeth, vol. 6, pp. 336-340, 2012.
[37.] N. Kishore et al., "In spinal anesthesia for cesarean section the temperature of bupivacaine affects the onset of shivering but not the incidence," J Clin Diagn Res, vol. 10, pp. 18-21, 2016.
[38.] J. Ponte and D. I. Sessler, "Extradural and shivering effect of cold and warm extradural saline injection in volunteers," Br J Anaesth, vol. 64, pp. 731-733, 1990.
[39.] D. Beardsworth and D. H. Lambert, "Warming 0.5% bupivacaine to 37 degrees increase during of spinal anesthesia," Reg Anesth, vol. 14, pp. 199, 1989.
Published
2024-05-16
How to Cite
Ibrahim, A. N., Hasan, A. M., & Taha, M. Q. (2024). Comparing Warm and Cold Bupivacaine for Cesarean Section Spinal Anesthesia. Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science, 5(3), 90-101. Retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJOTAS/article/view/1454
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Copyright (c) 2024 Aseel Nabeel Ibrahim, Ahmed Mejbel Hasan, Mohammed Qasim Taha.
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