Prostate Cancer Key Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies

Wafaa Abdulmutalib  Naji; Sheereehan Abdullhussein  Albyati; Yasameen Sabbar  Naeemah

Wafaa Abdulmutalib Naji Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Muthanna University, Samawah, Iraq
Sheereehan Abdullhussein Albyati Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Muthanna University, Samawah, Iraq
Yasameen Sabbar Naeemah Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Muthanna University, Samawah, Iraq

Keywords: prostate cancer, risk factors, symptoms, prevention, treatment

Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men, affecting over 1.1 million individuals globally each year. Despite its potential to develop and spread, prostate cancer typically grows slowly. The disease is characterized by symptoms such as difficulty urinating and blood during ejaculation. Key risk factors include age (rare in individuals under 45 and increasing after 50), family history, race (more prevalent in Western countries and particularly among black individuals), hormonal influences (notably testosterone), diet (high in fats and low in vegetables), environmental factors, smoking, obesity, and pesticide exposure. However, the impact of these factors and the interplay between genetic and environmental influences remain underexplored. This study aims to identify and analyze the significant risk factors contributing to prostate cancer development. Methods involve a comprehensive review of existing literature and epidemiological data. Preliminary results indicate that heredity, lifestyle, and environmental exposures significantly contribute to prostate cancer risk. These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies and public health interventions to mitigate the disease's incidence and improve patient outcomes.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

V. Zaichick, “A systematic review of the zinc content of the normal human prostate gland,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 199, no. 10, pp. 3593-3607, 2021.

J. R. Rider, K. M. Wilson, J. A. Sinnott, R. S. Kelly, L. A. Mucci, and E. L. Giovannucci, “Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up,” European Urology, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 974-982, 2016.

A. Dayon, “Rôle de la sphingosine kinase-1 dans la survie et la progression des cellules tumorales prostatiques LNCaP vers l'androgéno-indépendance” [Role of sphingosine kinase-1 in survival and progression of LNCaP prostate tumor cells to androgen independence], Doctoral dissertation, Toulouse 3, 2008.

A. D. Grigore, “Reassessment of Neurite-Like Processes in a Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Model,” Doctoral dissertation, Rice University, 2020.

M. N. Bashir, “Epidemiology of prostate cancer,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 16, no. 13, pp. 5137-5141, 2015.

S. Gharbieh, F. Reeves, and B. Challacombe, “The prostatic middle lobe: clinical significance, presentation and management,” Nature Reviews Urology, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 645-653, 2023.

S. Henry, “Analyse de la reproductibilité et de la performance du scoring de l'IRM multiparamétrique pour la détection du cancer de la prostate” [Analysis of the reproducibility and performance of multiparametric MRI scoring for prostate cancer detection], Doctoral dissertation, 2015.

M. Oczkowski, K. Dziendzikowska, A. Pasternak-Winiarska, D. Włodarek, and J. Gromadzka-Ostrowska, “Dietary factors and prostate cancer development, progression, and reduction,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 496, 2021.

A. El Khamlichi, “Contribution à l’étude phytochimique et biologique d'une Fabacée endémique du Maroc, Calycotome villosa subsp. intermédia” [Contribution to the phytochemical and biological study of an endemic Moroccan Fabaceae, Calycotome villosa subsp. intermédia].

D. L. Suzman and E. S. Antonarakis, “Castration-resistant prostate cancer: latest evidence and therapeutic implications,” Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 167-179, 2014.

B. Amadou, “Epidemiological-Clinical and Paraclinical Profile of Prostate Tumors in the Urology Department of the Center Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Toure about 1350 Adenomectomy Specimens,” Sch J Med Case Rep, vol. 2, pp. 146-149, 2023.

M. Brown, L. Cato, and R. Jeselsohn, “Hormone-responsive cancers,” in Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology, pp. 717-741, Elsevier, 2019.

A. H. de Vries, S. J. van Luijk, A. J. Scherpbier, E. L. Hendrikx, E. L. Koldewijn, C. Wagner, and B. M. Schout, “High acceptability of a newly developed urological practical skills training program,” BMC Urology, vol. 15, pp. 1-8, 2015.

É. Niaf, “Aide au diagnostic du cancer de la prostate par IRM multi-paramétrique: une approche par classification supervisée” [Assistance in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by multiparametric MRI: a supervised classification approach], Doctoral dissertation, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, 2012.

Lehaire, J., "Détection et caractérisation du cancer de la prostate par images IRM 1.5 T multiparamétriques" [Detection and characterization of prostate cancer by 1.5 T multiparametric MRI images], Doctoral dissertation, Université de Lyon, 2016.