A review of Water Quality and Pollution Assessment of the Euphrates River

Ameer  K Madhi; Nayyef  M. Azeez

Ameer K Madhi National University for science and technology, ThiQar, Iraq
Nayyef M. Azeez University of Basrah, College of Science

Keywords: Environmental Impact, Euphrates River, Pollution, Water Quality

Abstract

Water contamination is widely acknowledged as a serious environmental problem, largely due to the rapid rise of human civilization and inadequate management of water resources. Due to its detrimental effects on ecosystems and public health, river and lake contamination—caused by trash from industry, agriculture, and residential sources—has gained significant attention in environmental and conflict studies. The purpose of this review is to assess the environmental changes in water quality along the Euphrates River from its source at the border between Turkey and Syria to southern Iraq. Identifying seasonal fluctuations in chemical concentrations, evaluating variations in the physical and chemical qualities of water, and improving the water quality database for academics are some of the main goals. Iraq's rivers, such as the Tigris and Euphrates, have seen a decline in water quality because of untreated waste discharge and climate change. The effects of critical water quality parameters on aquatic life and agricultural appropriateness are assessed. These factors include temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, and the concentration of components including sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. The review also looks at the hydrological and geological aspects of the Euphrates River, emphasizing the role of climate, groundwater, and rock formations. The construction of dams in Syria and Turkey has drastically decreased the river's discharge, making Iraq's problems with water quality worse. The study emphasizes the necessity of collaborative water management and environmentally friendly methods to lessen the negative impacts on the Euphrates River and guarantee the wellbeing of the region's population and ecosystems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] Al-Saadi, A. J. J. “Salinity Variation of Euphrates River between Ashshinnafiyah and Assamawa Cities”, Journal of Engineering, 19, (11), 2013.

[2] Adlan, N. H. A., & Al-Abbawy, D. A. “Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics of Water along Shatt Al-Arab River”, Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(18), pp 300-307, 2022.

[3] Ayenimo, J., Adeeyinwo, C., & Amoo, I. A. “Heavy Metal Pollutants In Warri River, Nigeria”, Kragujevac Journal of Science, 27, 2005.

[4] American Public Health Association, “Standard Methods for the Examination of water and waste water”, (14th ed.), 2005.

[5] World Health Organization, “The world health report 2003: shaping the future”, World Health Organization, 2003.

[6] Azeez, N. M., & Sabbar, A. “Physiochemical Properties of Basrah oil refinery discharges and its potential effects on Shatt Al-Basrah Canal”, Marsh Bulletin, 8(1), pp 39-57, 2013.

[7] Esa, M. J. “Hydrochemical and Pollution of the Sediments of the Euphrates River South of the Hindiyah Dam”, M.S. thesis, University of Baghdad, 1995.

[8] Joudari, A. H. A. “The Impact of Geomorphological Processes on the Formation of the Landform in Al-Shanafiyah Area”, M.S. thesis, University of Babylon, 2014.

[9] Al-Bassam, K. S., & Hassan, K. M. “Distribution and Ecology of Recent Mollusks in the Euphrates River – Iraq”, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 2(1), pp 57-66, 2006.

[10] Sadkhan, A. M. “Pollution of the Euphrates River in Dhi Qar, An Environmental Geographic Study”, M.S. thesis, University of Basra, 2007.

[11] Al-Dulaimi, M. D., & Al-Moussa, F. M. “Euphrates River Valley”, Dar Al-Tarqan Printing, 2009.

[12] Radwan, W. “The Water Problem between Syria and Turkey (1st ed.)”, Publications Company for Distribution and Publishing, 2006.

[13] Bomola, A. A. “Temporal and spatial changes in water quality of the Euphrates river - Iraq”, M.S. thesis, University of Lund, 2011.

[14] Montgomery, C. W. “Environmental geology”, McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2007.

[15] Obaidi, O. H. A. “Study and Evaluation of the Causes of Salinization of the Water of the Euphrates River in Central and South Iraq”, M.S. thesis, University of Al-Muthanna, 2017.

[16] Al-Ansari, N., Jawad, S., Adamo, N., & Sissakian, V. K. “Water Quality and its Environmental Implications within Tigris and Euphrates Rivers”, Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 9(4), pp 57-108, 2019.

[17] Abdul-Razzaq, M. I., & Al-Naseri, S. K. “Hydro-chemical Study of the Water Resources in the Area between Kifl and Samawa, in the Southwest of Iraq”, Iraqi Geological Journal, 56(2A), pp 126-139, 2023.

[18] M. Gul, J. Akbar, M. Ikramullah, and M. H. Khan, “A Research Overview of Challenges in The Global Halal Market,” Elem. Educ. Online, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Hayat-Khan-3/publication/367008189_A_Research_Overview_of_Challenges_in_The_Global_Halal_Market/links/63bda855097c7832caa6d051/A-Research-Overview-of-Challenges-in-The-Global-Halal-Market.pdf

[19] S. Suhel, M. Mukhlis, A. Bashir, and ..., “The development of halal food industry in Bangka Belitung Island: an analytic network process,” Jurnal Perspektif …, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://mail.online-journal.unja.ac.id/JES/article/view/14434

[20] N. N. Izza and A. S. Rusydiana, “A qualitative review on halal food: NVivo approach,” … of Femfest International …, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://ejournal.unida.gontor.ac.id/index.php/FICCOMSS/article/view/10856

[21] A. N. Ahmad, S. B. Zulfigar, B. Z. M. Farudz, and ..., “Halal integrity in the supply chain: The impacts of the fake Halal meat cartel scandal towards Halal integrity,” Halal Logistics and …, 2022, doi: 10.4324/9781003223719-14.

[22] A. Mundzir, A. Zukhriyah, and ..., “The Implementation of Halal Network Indonesia (HNI) Business Among Muslim and Non-Muslim Communities,” MALIA: Jurnal Ekonomi …, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.yudharta.ac.id/v2/index.php/malia/article/view/4308

[23] N. F. M. Zain, H. S. Jaafar, I. Ibrahim, and H. Othman, “Halal Hub Sustainable Framework,” Nveo-Natural Volatiles & …, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/4237

[24] A. Rejeb, K. Rejeb, S. Zailani, and Y. Kayikci, “Knowledge diffusion of halal food research: a main path analysis,” Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2023, doi: 10.1108/JIMA-07-2021-0229.

[25] I. Surjandari, H. Yusuf, E. Laoh, and R. Maulida, “Designing a Permissioned Blockchain Network for the Halal Industry using Hyperledger Fabric with multiple channels and the raft consensus mechanism,” J Big Data, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s40537-020-00405-7.

[26] A. Abdallah, “Has the lack of a unified halal standard led to a rise in organised crime in the halal certification sector?,” Forensic Sciences, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6756/1/3/16

[27] A. Susanty, N. B. Puspitasari, A. D. Caterina, and ..., “Mapping the barriers for implementing halal logistics in Indonesian food, beverage and ingredient companies,” Journal of Islamic …, 2021, doi: 10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0244.

[28] A. M. Islam, A. S. Lukito-Budi, and N. Indarti, “A systematic review on halal supply chain research,” The International Conference …, 2020, [Online]. Available: http://www.ieomsociety.org/ieom2020/papers/339.pdf

[29] A. M. Sazali and J. S. Ligte, “The importance of Halal logistics implementation in Indonesia in compliance with domestics and global Halal market requirements,” Jurnal Transportasi Multimoda, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/download/84659493/pdf.pdf

[30] A. S. Rusydiana and D. Purwoko, “A Review on Halal Food Research,” Journal of …, 2021, [Online]. Available: http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=3004639&val=27165&title=A%20Review%20on%20Halal%20Food%20Research