Assessment of Trace Elements Pollution in Sediments & Water of some Rivers in Karbala City
Keywords:
Pollution, Lead, Cadmium, Trace Metals, Toxicity
Abstract
This study aims to assess the levels of trace element pollution, specifically cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), in the sediments and water of the Al-Hussainiya River and Shatt Al-Hindiya River in Karbala City, Iraq. The research was conducted over five months, from November 2022 to March 2023, with samples collected at seven different stations. The analysis focused on determining monthly variations in the concentrations of these elements and their correlation with environmental factors. The study employed Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for the quantification of trace metals. The results indicated significant spatial and temporal variations in Pb and Cd concentrations, with the highest levels recorded at station 6 in January (Pb: 22.9967 µg/L in water, 26.74 mg/kg in sediment) and station 7 in November (Cd: 3.68 µg/L in water, 7.767 mg/kg in sediment). The elevated levels of these metals are attributed to human activities, such as industrial discharges and wastewater runoff. These findings raise concerns about the ecological and health risks posed by metal contamination in these river systems.
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References
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Al-Sharifi, A.A.(2011). possible contamination with heavy elements and some ecological parameters of water Bani- Hassan stream in the province of Karbala- Iraq. master thesis , college of Education for pure sciences ,Karbala University, Iraq.
Kaizal A.F. , Salman J.M., and Kot ,p. (2023). Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals, Their Fate and Transportation in Water, Sediment, and Some Biota within AL-Musayyib River, Babylon Governorate, Iraq , Baghdad Science Journal Vol. 20 No. 2 ,Issue 2,pp( 600-615)
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Kubra,K., Mondol ,A.H. Al,i M., Palash ,A., Islam ,S.,Ahmed ,S., Masuda ,A, Abu Reza Md. Islam ,T, Md Bhuyan ,S. Rahman,Z. and Rahman,M.(2022). Pollution level of trace metals (As, Pb, Cr and Cd) in the sediment of Rupsha River, Bangladesh: Assessment of ecological and human health risks. Front. Environ. Sci. Vol.10, No.4: 1–17.
A.O.A.C.(1984)Official methods of analysis ,14theds. Williams S,ed. Arlington,VI,USA: Association of official Analytical chemists.
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources, Municipalities and Public Works.( 2006). New Eden master plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands area. Vol. 1, book 1water resources. The Italian ministry for the environment and territory and free Iraq foundation. Italy-Iraq.
Salman, J. M. (2006). Environmental study of potential pollution in the Euphrates River between Al-Hindiya Dam. and the city of Kufa - Iraq. PhD thesis. College of Science - University of Babylon. Iraq.
Gupta, N.; Yadav, K. K.; Kumar, V. and Singh, D. (2013).Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Yamuna River in Agra City. Int .J. Chem. Tech Res. 5(1): 528-531.
Wilson, B., Pyatt, F.B., (2007). Heavy metal dispersion persistence, and bioaccumulation around an ancient copper mine situated in Anglesey, UK. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 66, 224–231
Sanchez-Chardi, A., Lopez-Fuster, M.J., Nadal, J., (2007). Bioaccumulation of lead mercury, and cadmium in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sex- and age-dependent variation. Environ Pollut. 145, 7–14.
Islam, M.S., Ahmed, M.K., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Islam, K.N., Ibrahim, M Masunaga, S.(2014). Arsenic and lead in foods: a potential threat to human health in Bangladesh. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 31 (12), 1982–1992.
Sekabira, K., Oryem Origa, H., Basamba, T.A., Mutumba, G., Kakudidi, E.,( 2010) .Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7 (4), 435–446.
Islam, M.S., Ahmed, M.K., Raknuzzaman, M., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Islam, M.K (2015c). Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecol. Indic. 48, 282–291.
Mohiuddin, K.M., Otomo, K., Ogawa, Y., Shikazono, N., 2012. Seasonal and spatial distribution of trace elements in the water and sediments of the Tsurumi river in Japan. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184, 265–279.
Abdel-Ghani, N.T., Elchaghaby, G.A. ( 2007). Influence of operating conditions on the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb ions from wastewater by adsorption. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4, 451–456.
Nicolau, R., Galera, C.A., Lucas, Y.(2006). Transfer of nutrients and labile metals from15- the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river. Chemosphere 63,469–476.
Morillo, J., Usero, J., Gracia, I.(2004). Heavy metal distribution in marine sediments from the southwest coast of Spain. Chemosphere 55, 431–442.
Zheng, N., Wang, Q.C., Liang, Z.Z., Zheng, D.M.(2008). Characterization of heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of three freshwater rivers in Huludao City, Northeast China. Environ. Pollut. 154, 135–142.
Khadse, G.K., Patni, P.M., Kelkar, P.S., Devotta, S.(2008). Qualitative evaluation of Kanhan river and its tributaries flowing over central Indian plateau. Environ Monit. Assess. 147, 83–92.
Davidson, T.; Ke, Q.; Costa, M. (2007). Selected Molecular Mechanism of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenicity. In Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd ed.; Nordberg, G.F., Fowler, B.A., Nordberg, M. Friberg, L., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2007.
Godt, J.; Scheidig, F.; Grosse-Siestrup, C.; Esche, V.; Brandenburg, P.; Reich, A.; Groneberg, D.A.(2006). The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 1, 22,14.
Carpenter, D.O. Effects of metals on the nervous system of humans and animals.(2001). J. Occup. Med. Environ.Health . 14, 209–218.
Ali, M. M., Rahman, S., Islam, M. S., Rakib, M. R. J., Hossen, S., Rahman, M. Z., et al. (2022). Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediment of an urban river in a developing country: A probabilistic risk assessment. Int. J. Sediment Res. 37 (2), 173–187.
Jolly, Y. N., Rakib, M. R. J., Islam, M. S., Akter, S., Idris, A. M., Phoungthong, K., et al. (2021). Potential toxic elements in sediment and fishes of an important fish breeding river in Bangladesh: A preliminary study for ecological and health risks assessment. Toxin Rev., 1–14.
Agarwal, A., Singh, R. D., Mishra, S. K., and Bhunya, P. K. (2005). ANN-based sediment yield river basin models for Vamsadhara (India). Water sa. 31 (1), 95–100.
Ahmed, A. S. S., Hossain, M. B., Semme, S. A., Babu, S. M. O. F., Hossain, K., Moniruzzaman, M., et al. (2020). Accumulation of trace elements in selected fish and shellfish species from the largest natural carp fish breeding basin in asia: A probabilistic human health risk implication. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (30), 37852–37865.
Satarug, S.; Vesey, D.A.; Gobe, G.C. Health risk assessment of dietary cadmium intake: Do current guidelines indicate how much is safe? Environ. Health Perspect. 2017, 125, 284–288.
World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: Ten Chemicals of Major Public Health Concern, Public Environment WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: https://www.who.int/ipcs/features/10chemicals_en.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 12 August 2020.
22-Satarug, S.; Haswell-Elkins, M.R.; Moore, M.R.( 2000).Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr., 84, 791–802.
Singh, V.; Mishra, V. Microbial(2021) .Removal of Cr (VI) by a New Bacterial Strain Isolated from the Site Contaminated with Coal Mine Effluents. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 106279. [Google
Quinn, M.J.; Sherlock, J.C.(1990) The correspondence between U.K. ‘action levels’ for lead in blood and in water. Food Addit. Contam., 7, 387–424.
Al-Sharifi, A.A.(2011). possible contamination with heavy elements and some ecological parameters of water Bani- Hassan stream in the province of Karbala- Iraq. master thesis , college of Education for pure sciences ,Karbala University, Iraq.
Kaizal A.F. , Salman J.M., and Kot ,p. (2023). Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals, Their Fate and Transportation in Water, Sediment, and Some Biota within AL-Musayyib River, Babylon Governorate, Iraq , Baghdad Science Journal Vol. 20 No. 2 ,Issue 2,pp( 600-615)
RaknuzzamanaM. Ahmed, K., Islamd S., -Al-Mamuna,H, Tokumuraa ,H. , Sekinea ,M., Masunagaa,S.(2016). Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.14, No.4: 247–259
Kubra,K., Mondol ,A.H. Al,i M., Palash ,A., Islam ,S.,Ahmed ,S., Masuda ,A, Abu Reza Md. Islam ,T, Md Bhuyan ,S. Rahman,Z. and Rahman,M.(2022). Pollution level of trace metals (As, Pb, Cr and Cd) in the sediment of Rupsha River, Bangladesh: Assessment of ecological and human health risks. Front. Environ. Sci. Vol.10, No.4: 1–17.
A.O.A.C.(1984)Official methods of analysis ,14theds. Williams S,ed. Arlington,VI,USA: Association of official Analytical chemists.
Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources, Municipalities and Public Works.( 2006). New Eden master plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands area. Vol. 1, book 1water resources. The Italian ministry for the environment and territory and free Iraq foundation. Italy-Iraq.
Salman, J. M. (2006). Environmental study of potential pollution in the Euphrates River between Al-Hindiya Dam. and the city of Kufa - Iraq. PhD thesis. College of Science - University of Babylon. Iraq.
Gupta, N.; Yadav, K. K.; Kumar, V. and Singh, D. (2013).Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Yamuna River in Agra City. Int .J. Chem. Tech Res. 5(1): 528-531.
Published
2024-10-12
How to Cite
Attia, Y., Mohammed, H., Miri, S., Mahde, H., & Abdullah, R. (2024). Assessment of Trace Elements Pollution in Sediments & Water of some Rivers in Karbala City. Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science, 5(6), 550-542. Retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJOTAS/article/view/1507
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