AD-HOC Better Costing Dynamic Routing Protocol for Enhancement of Network Lifetime

  • Kavitha N Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Vinitha G Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Preethi R Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Lilly Florence Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Fouad Abdualameer Salman Al-Bayan University, College of Business Administration, Iraq
Keywords: MANETs, residual battery power, AODV, DSR

Abstract

Mobile ad hoc networks are generally infrastructure-less networks that are self-organizing temporary networks. They do not have a centralized controller. They are applied in diverse sensing and mobility applications. Routing in such networks requires a lot of considerations. Energy efficiency is a challenge in MANETs. This is because since nodes are in motion, they require energy. Energy efficiency in the network is increased by reducing power consumption. This is the primary idea behind this paper. The objective is to enhance the network's lifetime by avoiding the nodes from moving out of the network. We hence propose a novel routing protocol, Ad hoc Better Costing Dynamic (ABCD) protocol, which focuses not just on the residual battery power of the node but also on the energy required to forward the packets through the route. While choosing the path, according to the Mini-max formulation, the path which has the maximum energy among the lowest hop energy is given high preference. The purpose is to avoid using the path with the lowest energy, leading to link breakage. This paper evaluates three routing protocols, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad hoc Better Costing Dynamic (ABCD) routing protocol and finds the ABCD protocol to perform better.

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113. Fazle Rabbi , Nasir Abdul Jalil , S. Suman Rajest , R. Regin, “ An Approximation For Monitoring The Efficiency Of Cooperative Across Diverse Network Aspects”, Webology, Volume 17, No 2, 2020, Pages: 1234-1247
114. U Kumar, C Khatun, MS Islam, N Kao, F Rabbi, M Maniruzzaman, et al., “ Effect of Drum Pressure on Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Gas Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant: A Case Study and Literature Review”, Research Communication in Engineering Science & Technology, 2, 17-27, 2019.
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121. Kalsoom, T., Aziz, F. & Al-Awawdeh, N. (2021). Foreign Language Learning Anxiety: A Systematic Literature Review. TESOL International Journal: English Language Education Publishing, 16 (4.3), 239-252.
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123. M. Raja and G. G. L. Priya, “An analysis of Virtual Reality usage through a descriptive research analysis on school students’ experiences: A study from India,” Int. j. early child. spec. educ., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 990–1005, 2021.
124. M. Raja, K. Srinivasan, and S. Syed-Abdul, “Preoperative virtual reality based intelligent approach for minimizing patient anxiety levels,” in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-TW), 2019.
125. M. Raja and G. G. Lakshmi Priya, “Sentiment and emotions extraction on teaching–learning from home (TLFH) and impact of online academic activities in India,” Mater. Today, 2021.
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127. E. Murugan, D. P. Geetha Rani, K. Srinivasan, and J. Muthumary, “New surface hydroxylated and internally quaternised poly (propylene imine)dendrimers as efficient biocompatible drug carriers of norfloxacin,” Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, vol. 10 no.10, p. 1319, 2013.
128. E. Murugan, P. Gopinath, V. Shanmugayya, and N. Mathivanan, “Antibacterial activity of novel insoluble bead‐shaped polymer‐supportedmultiquaternary ammonium salts,” Journal of applied polymer science, vol. 117, no.6, p. 3673, 2010.
129. E. Murugan, and A. Siva, “Synthesis of asymmetric n-arylaziridine derivatives using a new chiral phase-transfer catalyst,” Synthesis, vol. 2005 no.12, p. 2022, 2005.
130. T. Balakrishnan and E. Murugan, “Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of surface‐enriched (with active sites) polymer‐supported phase‐transfer catalysts and their efficiency in organic addition reactions: A kinetic study,” Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 41, no.2, p. 347, 2003.
131. E. Murugan, and A. Siva, “Preparation of a novel soluble multi-site phase transfer catalyst and the kineticstudy for the C-alkylation of α-pinene,” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 235, no. 1-2, p. 220, 2005.
132. S. Santhoshkumar and E. Murugan, “Rationally designed SERS AgNPs/GO/g-CN nanohybrids to detect methyleneblue and Hg2+ ions in aqueous solution,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 553, p. 149544, 2021.
133. E. Murugan, S. Santhoshkumar, S. Govindaraju and M. Palanichamy, “Silver nanoparticles decorated g-C3N4: An efficient SERS substrate formonitoring catalytic reduction and selective Hg2+ ions detection,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 246, 119036, 2021.
134. E. Murugan, S. Santhosh Kumar, K. M. Reshna and S. Govindaraju, “Highly sensitive, stable g-CN decorated with AgNPs for SERS sensing of toluidine blue and catalytic reduction of crystal violet,” Journal of materials science, vol. 54, no.7, p. 5294, 2019.
135. E. Murugan, J. N. Jebaranjitham and A. Usha, “Synthesis of polymer-supported dendritic palladium nanoparticle catalysts forSuzuki coupling reaction,” Applied Nanoscience, vol. 2, no.3, p. 211, 2012.
136. E. Murugan, S. Arumugam and P. Panneerselvam, “New nanohybrids from poly (propylene imine) dendrimer stabilized silvernanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for effective catalytic andantimicrobial applications,” International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, vol. 65 no. 3, p. 111, 2016.
137. E. Murugan and I. Pakrudheen, “Efficient amphiphilic poly (propylene imine) dendrimer encapsulated rutheniumnanoparticles for sensing and catalysis applications,” Science of Advanced Materials, vol. 7, no. 5, p. 891, 2015.
138. E. Murugan, and G. Tamizharasu, “Synthesis and characterization of new soluble multisite phase transfercatalysts and their catalysis in free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate aided by ultrasound-A kinetic study,” Journal of applied polymer science, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 263, 2012.
139. E. Murugan, R. Rangasamy, and I. Pakrudheen, “Efficient amphiphilic poly (propyleneimine) dendrimer stabilized goldnanoparticle catalysts for aqueous phase reduction of nitrobenzene,” Science of Advanced Materials, vol. 4, no. 11, p. 1103, 2012.
140. A. Ramesh, P. Tamizhdurai, S. Gopinath, K. Sureshkumar, E. Murugan and K Shanthi, “Facile synthesis of core-shell nanocomposites Au catalysts towards abatement of environmental pollutant Rhodamine B,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 1, p. e01005, 2019.
141. E. Murugan, J. N. Jebaranjitham, K. J. Raman, A. Mandal, D. Geethalakshmi, M. Dharmendira Kumar, and A. Saravanakumar, “Insoluble dendrimer-grafted poly (vinylimidazole) microbeads stabilized withmono/bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts for effective degradation of malachitegreen,” New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 41, no.19, p. 10860, 2017.E. Murugan and I. Pakrudheen, New amphiphilic poly (quaternary ammonium) dendrimer catalyst for effectivereduction of citronellal, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 439, p. 142, 2012.
142. R. Taher, S. Hameed, and Q. Ali. "Study for Ionizing Radiation Safety Awareness among Patients in Erbil Hospitals" International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering vol.3, no.10, p. 41, 46, 2014.
143. S. Hameed, Q. Ali, and R. T. Essa, “Assessment of Ionizing Radiation Protection Awareness among Radiation Workers in Erbil Hospitals”. Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ، vol.1, no.3 , p. 25,19.‎ 2017.
144. B. Al-Rawi, and, S. Aljanabi, “Modeling the Physical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles with Selective Hydrogen Using DFT”. International Journal of Nanoscience, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 2150011-375, 2021.
145. B. Al-Rawi, S. Hameed, and M. Alsaadi, “Simulation of Electronic Structure and some Properties of CdTe Crystals Using DFT”. In Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications Ltd Vol. 1021, p. 1-10, 2021
146. AL Kareem, S. Hameed, and S. Ali. “Evaluation of Noise Levels and Vibrations at Cement Factories That Represent a Condition Monitory for The Performance of Machines”, In Mesopotamia Environmental Journal ,Vol. 5, no. 3, P. 56, 63, 2020.
147. Mohammed, A. Mohammed, and Aljanabi, “Signal to Noise Ratio of IR Seeker with a New Optical Fractal Modulator”, In 3rd International Conference on Communication Engineering and Computer Science (CIC-COCOS’19). 2019, April.
148. S. Hameed, The “Effect Of Focus Error And Spherical Aberration On Sharp Edge Image Intensity”. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 104,108, 2018.
149. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Seven Divergence Measures by CDF of fitting in Exponential and Normal Distributions of COVID-19 Data”, Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Vol.32(3), pp. 1212 - 1222, 2021.
150. D.K. Sharma and Haldhar Sharma, “A Study of Trend Growth Rate of Confirmed cases, Death cases and Recovery cases in view of Covid-19 of Top Five States of India”, Solid State Technology, Vol.64(2), pp. 4526-4541, 2021.
151. D.K. Sharma, “Information Measure Computation and its Impact in MI COCO Dataset”, IEEE Conference Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Vol.1, pp. 2011-2014, 2021.
152. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Keyword extraction using Renyi entropy: a statistical and domain independent method”, IEEE Conference Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Vol.1, pp. 1970-1975, 2021.
153. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Generalization of F-Divergence Measures for Probability Distributions with Associated Utilities”, Solid State Technology, Vol.64(2), pp. 5525-5531, 2021.
154. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “A Study of before and after Lockdown Situation of 10 Countries through Visualization of Data along With Entropy Analysis of Top Three Countries”, International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol.14(1), pp. 496-525, 2021.
155. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, “Generalized ‘Useful’ Rényi & Tsallis Information Measures, Some Discussions with Application to Rainfall Data", International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, Vol. 13(2), pp. 681-688, 2020.
156. Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, “Generalized `Useful non-symmetric divergence measures and Inequalities", Journal of Mathematical Inequalities, Vol. 13(2), pp. 451-466, 2019.
157. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “On Characterization of Joint and Conditional Exponential Survival Entropies", International Journal of Statistics and Reliability Engineering, Vol. 6(1), pp. 29-36, 2019.
158. Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, “Generalized `Useful' AG and `Useful' JS-Divergence Measures and their Bounds", International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 441-450, 2018.
159. D.S. Hooda, Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, “Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Set Theory and Its Application in Medical Diagnosis”, International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, Vol. 7, pp. 70-76, 2018.
160. D.K. Sharma and Sonali Saxena, “Generalized Coding Theorem with Different Source Coding Schemes”, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, Vol. 5(6), pp. 253 – 257, 2017.
161. S. Kamal, D. Rahman and D. Singh, "Covid-19 Related Factors Associated with Antenatal Care in Rural Bangladesh: A qualitative study", Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, vol. 17, no. 1, 2022.
162. S. Joghee, A. Dubey and S. Singh, "Investigation of green marketing practices of UAE hypermarkets", International Journal of Enterprise Network Management, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 367, 2021.
163. S. Singh, S. Mondal, L. Singh, K. Sahoo and S. Das, "An Empirical Evidence Study of Consumer Perception and Socioeconomic Profiles for Digital Stores in Vietnam", Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 1716, 2020.
164. Desfiandi, S. Suman Rajest, P. S. Venkateswaran, M. Palani Kumar and S. Singh, "Company Credibility: A Tool To Trigger Positive Csr Image In The Cause-Brand Alliance Context In Indonesia", Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 320-331, 2019.
165. Singh, V. Shukla and S. Singh, "An Empirical Study of Shift from SMS to Chat-App among University Student", International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 64, pp. 1-6, 2019.
166. S. Singh and S. Das, "Impact of post-merger and acquisition activities on the financial performance of banks: a study of Indian private sector and public sector banks", Revista Espacios, vol. 39, no. 25, pp. 25-40, 2018.
167. A. Raja and S. Singh, "Event Study on Appointment and Removal of Chairman: Case of Tata Group", Amity Business Review, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018.
168. S. Singh and S. Kukunuru, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact on Profitability of Banks in the United Arab Emirates", Middle East Journal of Business, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2017.
169. S. Singh and S. Agarwal, "Analyzing the Medical and Non-Medical Aspects of Medical Consultation in the City of Visakhapatnam", World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 12-19, 2015.
170. S. Agarwal and S. Singh, "Customer Progression and Perception about Premium Men's Apparel Brands : A Case of Indian Male Professionals", Middle East Journal of Business, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 50-56, 2015.
171. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “An Analysis of Chetan Bhagat’s Revolution -2020: Love, Ambition, Corruption” in International Journal of English Language, Literature in Humanities, Volume: V, Issue IX, September 2017, Page No.: 52-62.
172. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Galapagos: Is Human Accomplishment Worthwhile” in Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (OIIRJ), Volume: VII, Special Issue II, September 2017, Page No.: 307-314.
173. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The white Tiger by Aravind Adiga: Depiction of Fermentation in Society” in International Journal of Information Movement, Volume: II, Special Issue VI, October 2017, Page No.: 189-194.
174. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Confrontation on Modernism or Postmodernism Changes after the World War” in New Academia: An International Journal of English Language, Literature and Literary Theory, Volume: VII, Special Issue I, January 2018, Page No.: 50-76.
175. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The Post-War Novel as Catch-22: The Chronology and Ex-P.F.C Winter Green” in International Journal of Research Culture Society, Volume: II, Special Issue II, February 2018, Page No.: 64-68.
176. S. Suman Rajest; Anbarasi, “The Postwar Novel as Postmodern: Billy Pilgrim’s Imagination and the Critical Tendency towards Teleology, Slaughterhouse – Five”, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp.37-41 (2017).
177. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Necessary Heads Which are Used for Writing a Scholarly Journal” in New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Volume: V, Issue III, March 2018, Page No.: 5-21.
178. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Impact of 21st century’s different heads of learning skills for students and teachers” in International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Volume: V, Issue IV, April 2018, Page No.: 170-178.
179. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “21st Century Learners’ Student-Centered Learning Various Stages” in International Conference, Age and Content in Journey of Language by VISTAS (Tamil Department), Volume: I, Issue I, April 2018, Page No.: 474-492. (International Conference Paper)
180. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “American Postmodern Novelist Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49: Structure and Absurd Realism” in Proceedings of the IOSRD, 73rd International Conference on Future Trends in Engineering and Business, Volume: 73, May 2018, Page No.: 32-41.
181. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The “Four Cs” Education For 21st Century’s Learners” in Research Guru Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume: XII, Issue I, June 2018, Page No.: 888-900.
182. Jerusha Angelene Christabel G, Suman Rajest S, “A Short Review on Fragmented Narration in Select Works of Sarnath Banerjee”, American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 12-31, (2022).
183. Rajest, D. S. S., & G, J. A. C. (2022). A Brief on Past and Present a Tug of War in the Select Works of Kurt Vonnegut. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy And Culture, 3(4), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/52KAM
184. G, J. A. C., & Rajest, D. S. (2022). Fragmented Narration in Corridor’s Thematic, Language and Imagery. Central Asian Journal Of Arts And Design, 3(4), 15-37. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HBGCN
185. Steffi. R, D.K. Sharma, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, A. J. Obaid, and G. Jerusha Angelene Christabel, “Perceptron in Supervised, Semi-Supervised, Unsupervised Learning and Artificial Neural Network”, CAJOTAS, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 176-199, May 2022.
186. Ibrahim, K., Obaid, A. (2021). Fraud usage detection in internet users based on log data. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(2), 2179-2188. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5367
187. Sharma, G., Kumar, J., Sharma, S., Singh, G., Singh, J., Sharma, A., . . . Obaid, A. J. (2021). Performance of diesel engine having waste heat recovery system fixed on stainless steel made exhaust gas pipe. Materials Today: Proceedings.
188. Abdulreda, A., Obaid, A. (2022). A landscape view of deepfake techniques and detection methods. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 13(1), 745-755. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2022.5580
189. Abdulbaqi, A., Younis, M., Younus, Y., Obaid, A. (2022). A hybrid technique for EEG signals evaluation and classification as a step towards to neurological and cerebral disorders diagnosis. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 13(1), 773-781. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2022.5590
190. Pandey, D., Wairya, S., Al Mahdawi, R., Najim, S., Khalaf, H., Al Barzinji, S., Obaid, A. (2021). Secret data transmission using advanced steganography and image compression. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(Special Issue), 1243-1257. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5635
191. Adhikari, S., Hutaihit, M., Chakraborty, M., Mahmood, S., Durakovic, B., Pal, S., Akila, D., Obaid, A. (2021). Analysis of average waiting time and server utilization factor using queueing theory in cloud computing environment. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(Special Issue), 1259-1267. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2021.5636
192. Azmi Shawkat Abdulbaqi, Ahmed J. Obaid & Maysaa Hameed Abdulameer (2021) Smartphone-based ECG signals encryption for transmission and analyzing via IoMTs, Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, DOI: 10.1080/09720529.2021.1958996
193. Obaid, A. J., Ibrahim, K. K., Abdulbaqi, A. S., & Nejrs, S. M. (2021). An adaptive approach for internet phishing detection based on log data. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 622-631.
194. Shahzad, F., Abid, F., Obaid, A., Kumar Rai, B., Ashraf, M., Abdulbaqi, A. (2021). Forward stepwise logistic regression approach for determinants of hepatitis B & C among Hiv/Aids patients. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 12(Special Issue), 1367-1396. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2022.5717
195. Agarwal, P., Idrees, S. M., & Obaid, A. J. (2021). Blockchain and IoT Technology in Transformation of Education Sector. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 17(12), pp. 4–18. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v17i12.25015
196. Akbar, A., Agarwal, P., Obaid, A. (2022). Recommendation engines-neural embedding to graph-based: Techniques and evaluations. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 13(1), 2411-2423. doi: 10.22075/ijnaa.2022.5941
197. Leo Willyanto Santoso, Bhopendra Singh, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, Karrar Hameed Kadhim (2021), “A Genetic Programming Approach to Binary Classification Problem” EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy, Vol.8, no. 31, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.165523
198. K.K.D. Ramesh, G. Kiran Kumar, K. Swapna, Debabrata Datta, and S. Suman Rajest, “A Review of Medical Image Segmentation Algorithms”, EAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology, 2021, doi: 10.4108/eai.12-4-2021.169184
199. Shahab S., Agarwal P., Mufti T., Obaid A.J. (2022) SIoT (Social Internet of Things): A Review. In: Fong S., Dey N., Joshi A. (eds) ICT Analysis and Applications. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 314. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5655-2_28.
Published
2022-05-16
How to Cite
Kavitha N, Vinitha G, Preethi R, Lilly Florence, & Fouad Abdualameer Salman. (2022). AD-HOC Better Costing Dynamic Routing Protocol for Enhancement of Network Lifetime. Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science, 3(5), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/SK9UY