Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science

Theoretical Studies of Electronic Transition Characteristics of Zn-ZnO Interface

2025-04-11T02:20:52+00:00

Electron transfer processes play a crucial role in chemical, physical, and electronic systems, particularly in metal-semiconductor interfaces used in devices like photovoltaics and LEDs. Among these, the Zn/ZnO interface is notable for its practical applicability, owing to ZnO’s wide bandgap and semiconductor properties. Despite theoretical models, the detailed impact of material-specific optical constants on reorientation energy and electron transfer rate remains inadequately characterized. This study theoretically investigates the electronic transition characteristics at the Zn–ZnO interface by calculating the reorientation energy and electron transfer rate using quantum theory and MATLAB-based simulations. Findings demonstrate that electron transfer rate increases with decreased orientation energy, driven by enhanced energy level alignment. Maximum orientation energy (0.408 eV) was observed at 4.06 eV, with corresponding lowest transfer rate, whereas minimum orientation energy (0.334 eV) at 2.119 eV yielded higher transfer rates. The refractive index and dielectric constants derived from extinction and refraction coefficients significantly affect transition parameters. This work provides a detailed theoretical framework combining quantum transition models with empirical refractive and dielectric data to quantify energy alignment and transfer efficiency at a Zn/ZnO interface. The results offer a refined approach to predicting and optimizing electron transfer behavior in Zn/ZnO-based optoelectronic devices, informing future material design for enhanced energy conversion efficiency.

Beruni on The Holidays of Khorezmsk People

2025-04-13T05:33:33+00:00

This article examines the historical formation and development of national holidays in the Khorezm oasis by conducting a comparative analysis of Abu Rayhan Beruni’s renowned work "Monuments Left by Ancient Peoples" and other written historical sources. The study seeks to highlight how traditional celebrations in Khorezm originated, evolved, and became culturally significant within the broader historical and social context. Special attention is given to Beruni’s documentation of ancient customs, which is critically compared with contemporary scholarly interpretations and historical literature. By integrating classical narratives with modern academic perspectives, the article offers new insights into the transformation and continuity of national holiday traditions in the region. The analysis also considers different historiographical approaches and emerging viewpoints in order to draw well-founded conclusions about the role of holidays in reflecting collective identity, social cohesion, and historical memory. Ultimately, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the Khorezm oasis’s rich cultural heritage and its connection to the broader legacy of Central Asian civilizations.

A Survey on Mathematical Methods and Their Impact on Modern Science

2025-04-25T13:02:06+00:00

Mathematics has been described as the "language of science" for many years, with mathematics forming the cornerstone of many of the greatest scientific advances. In this paper, there is given a comprehensive outline of the diversified mathematical methods involved in modern science and their extended impacts on subjects of physics, biology, computer science, and economics. Throughout the paper, the focus lies on the mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, optimization, and statistical methods to advance knowledge and tackle complex real-life problems. Moreover, we deal with the challenges and opportunities of introducing new mathematical techniques into modern science.

Degradation of Acidic Dyes by Advanced Oxidation Processes

2025-06-01T00:42:40+00:00

This study looks at how acid dyes, often used in the textile industry, break down using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system and the H₂O₂/UV system. The research evaluates the efficiency of these processes in breaking down dye molecules, which reduces their environmental impact when released into wastewater. The H₂O₂/UV system, which combines hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet light, generates highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that enhance degradation. Researchers analyzed key parameters like dye concentration, pH, reaction time, and the dosage of H₂O₂ to determine optimal conditions for effective dye removal. The results indicate that the H₂O₂/UV system works better at breaking down dyes than using H₂O₂ by itself, making it a good option for cleaning wastewater with industrial dye pollution. This research looks at how Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) can remove and break down acidic dyes in polluted water by examining different factors, like the kind of oxidizing agent used, the pH level, the concentration of the dye, and how long the treatment lasts to make these processes more effective and lessen the environmental harm from pollutants.

Study of the Interaction Between Optical Materials and Solar Energy Cells to Enhance Energy Conversion Efficiency

2025-06-01T00:42:24+00:00

In light of the increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy, solar cells have become one of the most promising solutions to meet global energy needs. However, the primary challenge lies in improving the efficiency of these cells to ensure the maximum conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Optical materials emerge as a key factor in this context, possessing the ability to enhance light absorption and reduce loss due to reflection.This research aims to study the interaction between optical materials and solar energy cells to understand how efficiency can be enhanced and significant progress achieved in energy conversion technology. By focusing on the unique properties of these materials and their integration into cell design, the study seeks to fabricate a dye-sensitized solar cell using ZnO semiconductors as photoanodes, a conductive electrode (cathode), and an electrolyte solution of (I2/KI). The ZnO semiconductors include ZnO nanoparticles (coated on glass). The conductive electrodes involve carbon also placed on glass. The dye used: Azo dye. The dye was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, with the azo group absorption observed around 1550 cm⁻¹ and the C=N group absorption around 1630 cm⁻¹. The dye's absorption spectrum was also characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which indicated that it absorbs light at 620 nm. Electrical measurements were carried out on the fabricated cell only.

The Issue of Children's Rights and Upbringing in The East (Based on Analysis of Historical Sources)

2025-06-01T00:42:08+00:00

This article investigates the historical development of children's rights and upbringing practices in Eastern countries by drawing on a range of historical sources. It explores how different eras and cultures in the East approached child-rearing, focusing on both the methods employed and the extent to which children's rights were recognized and protected. The study highlights how upbringing practices have evolved over time, while also identifying core values that have remained consistent across generations. Through a comparative analysis, the authors examine the balance between traditional approaches and the demands of contemporary society, emphasizing how cultural heritage continues to influence modern educational and parental practices. By bridging the past and present, the article offers valuable insights into the shifting perceptions of childhood and the ongoing efforts to ensure the welfare and development of children in Eastern societies. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of the cultural foundations of children’s rights and the importance of adapting historical values to meet modern needs.

Analysis of Energy Efficiency in LiBr/H2O Absorption Heat Systems for Water Treatment Technologies

2025-06-01T00:41:52+00:00

As people everywhere look for better ways to treat water in an environmentally friendly way, absorption heat systems have become a good choice because they can work with low levels of heat energy. Lithium bromide/water (LiBr/H₂O) absorption systems are gaining traction due to their applicability in thermal water treatment techniques like multi-effect distillation (MED) and membrane distillation (MD).This study examines how efficiently LiBr/H2O absorption heat systems use energy and whether they are effective for water treatment. The research studies how LiBr/H2O systems work with heat and energy in different situations. The study uses models and test data to see how well the system performs. It looks at important factors such as how well it works (COP), how much energy it uses (SEC), and how effectively it captures heat. The study also examines how the temperatures of the absorber and generator, the strength of the solutions, and outside heat sources influence how well the system performs. The results show that LiBr/H₂O absorption systems can significantly improve energy use in water treatment processes if they are set up with the proper heat and working conditions. These systems can use solar power or heat from waste, so they are helpful for areas that don't have regular electricity connections. Also, using these systems together with water cleaning methods can reduce carbon emissions and lower operating costs compared to older methods. The study shows that if properly designed and managed, LiBr/H₂O absorption systems can be an effective and eco-friendly choice for modern water treatment. In the future, we will work on making better systems and improving how they work in real-time to make them more useful.

Effectiveness of Developing Technical Methods of 13-14 Year Old Goalkeepers During Handball Training

2025-05-13T10:29:10+00:00

In this article, the accuracy of ball passing, rebounding and passing of 13-14-year-old goalkeepers was analyzed, and a set of training microcycles and exercises was developed to increase the efficiency of ball passing, rebounding and passing of young goalkeepers. and these exercises were applied to the participants in the experimental group. The developed set of exercises had a positive effect on the efficiency of ball passing, rebounding and passing of the participants in the experimental group. It was studied why it is important to pay special attention to the correct formation of technical techniques of ball passing, rebounding and passing of young goalkeepers at the initial stage of training, and the results of the conducted study proved to be of particular importance.

Enhancing Inferential Accuracy with Bootstrap Methods: A Statistical Approach to Insurance Data in Urban Planning Contexts

2025-05-25T14:04:30+00:00

In applied statistics, particularly in domains like economics and insurance, small sample sizes and non-ideal data conditions often compromise the accuracy of traditional inferential methods. Iraqi insurance sector data from 1999 to 2014 offers only 16 observations, making classical regression approaches unsuitable due to their dependence on large sample assumptions. There is insufficient understanding of how bootstrapping methods compare in terms of estimation reliability under such constrained data conditions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of bootstrap resampling both error-based and observation-based in estimating regression parameters related to premium retention rates in the Iraqi insurance industry. Empirical comparisons using mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) reveal that the error resampling method significantly outperforms the observation resampling method in fitting accuracy. The study further identifies six key predictors of premium retention rate, including corporate capital, changes in underwriting, population size, bank credit, bank deposits, and education levels (risk aversion). This research uniquely applies bootstrap methods to an underexplored dataset within the insurance sector of a developing country, demonstrating how inferential robustness can be achieved without reliance on large samples or strict distributional assumptions. The findings support the broader adoption of error-based bootstrap techniques in policy modeling and financial forecasting, particularly in data-scarce environments common to developing economies and urban planning contexts.

Water Desalination With Renewable Energy

2025-06-01T00:41:35+00:00

Many countries suffer from a severe shortage of freshwater resources, leading to an increasing reliance on water-from-air (WFA) extraction technologies. Water is used for various purposes, including 10%–12% for direct human consumption, 70%–75% for irrigation, and 15% for industrial purposes. With the projected increase in water demand worldwide, alternative energy sources must be found. However, conventional desalination processes are energy-intensive and primarily fueled by fossil fuels, increasing carbon emissions. This article discusses the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and agricultural waste, in desalination system design, the purpose of energy expenditure, and the environmental impacts. It also addresses current issues and possible solutions in this field. According to our research, desalination and renewable energy together significantly lower carbon emissions while also improving the sustainability of water delivery systems. The study also emphasizes how crucial cutting-edge technologies like HESS and ML are to improving the effectiveness of desalination procedures based on renewable energy. The ultimate goal of this research is to encourage the worldwide use of desalination systems based on renewable energy sources and assist upcoming research and development initiatives.

DFT Study of the Properties of Monolayer and Bilayer Hexagonal InN Nanosheets Compared to the Wurtzite Phase

2025-06-01T00:41:19+00:00

Due to the wide range of potential applications for III-nitride nanostructures in nanodevices, this study aimed to investigate the structural, optical, and electronic properties of bulk Wurtzite indium nitride (InN) compared to those of two-dimensional monolayer and bilayer structures using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The study found that the energy gap for bulk Indium Nitride was 0.076 eV when using the GGA-PBE exchange-correlation functional, while it was 0.85 eV when the hybrid functional (HSE03) was used, indicating a direct energy gap. As the thickness of the material decreased to the monolayer InN, the energy gap increased to 0.402 eV with the GGA-PBE functional and 1.354eV with the hybrid functional (HSE03) and the energy gap increased to 0.729 eV with the GGA-PBE functional and 1.801 eV with the hybrid functional (HSE03), transitioning to an indirect type. This is attributed to the higher accuracy of the hybrid functional (HSE03) compared to the GGA-PBE functional. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the energy gap increases as the thickness of InN decreases, transitioning from direct to indirect bandgap. Additionally, a shift in the absorption spectrum from infrared to ultraviolet radiation is observed. Consequently, it can be concluded that the energy gap of InN can be tuned and controlled by adjusting the material's thickness, depending on the requirements of the desired application.

Design of Wiring Harness and Performance Analysis of Powertrain Using Matlab and E-Cad for Electric Vehicle

2025-06-01T00:41:03+00:00

In this work, we aim to design the electrical harness of an electric vehicle, which serves as the crucial network that connects all components within the vehicle. The primary objective is to ensure that the harness is designed to optimize cost, serviceability, and safety during vehicle operation. To achieve this, we use AutoCAD Electrical software, which allows for precise and systematic layout of the wiring harness. Designing a vehicle involves several complex calculations, including those related to fuel economy, vehicle dynamics, transmission configurations, motor sizing and its control strategies, motor performance mapping, and battery capacity sizing. These calculations are essential for ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. For accurate evaluation, we employ Excel spreadsheets to carry out powertrain sizing calculations. This process helps in identifying the required capacity of both the battery pack and the motor suitable for the vehicle. Additionally, we utilize MATLAB Simulink software to simulate and analyze the electric vehicle's overall performance. By integrating these tools, we can evaluate the system's efficiency and functionality during the design and testing stages. This method allows us to make necessary adjustments and optimize the vehicle's performance before moving to large-scale production, reducing the risks and costs associated with design errors.

Chaos Analysis and Its Application in Secure Optical Communication Using QCLs

2025-05-27T08:53:22+00:00

As secure data transmission becomes increasingly critical, traditional encryption methods face vulnerabilities with the rise of advanced computing. Chaos theory, particularly in laser dynamics, offers a promising physical-layer security alternative through the generation of complex, unpredictable signals. Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs), due to their operation in the mid-infrared and terahertz range, are highly suitable for chaos-based communication. Despite advances in semiconductor laser chaos synchronization, the practical use of QCLs for secure communication remains underexplored due to their unique intersubband transitions and complex dynamics under optical feedback. This study investigates chaotic synchronization in QCLs using optical feedback, modeling the dynamics of master-slave configurations through delay differential equations. Simulations show that synchronization is achievable with correlation coefficients above 0.7 across various feedback delay and reflection parameters. Synchronization is optimized when feedback and injection delays are matched, and higher reflection coefficients improve robustness. Unlike prior works on generic semiconductor lasers, this research presents a tailored model for QCL systems and validates the feasibility of chaos-based communication using specific QCL parameters. The findings establish that properly synchronized chaotic QCL systems can be effectively used for secure optical communication, reducing reliance on algorithmic encryption. This work supports future experimental development and deployment of secure, scalable, and adaptive QCL-based communication networks.