Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science

Theoretical Studies of Electronic Transition Characteristics of Zn-ZnO Interface

Fri, 11 Apr 2025 02:20:52 +0000

Electron transfer processes play a crucial role in chemical, physical, and electronic systems, particularly in metal-semiconductor interfaces used in devices like photovoltaics and LEDs. Among these, the Zn/ZnO interface is notable for its practical applicability, owing to ZnO’s wide bandgap and semiconductor properties. Despite theoretical models, the detailed impact of material-specific optical constants on reorientation energy and electron transfer rate remains inadequately characterized. This study theoretically investigates the electronic transition characteristics at the Zn–ZnO interface by calculating the reorientation energy and electron transfer rate using quantum theory and MATLAB-based simulations. Findings demonstrate that electron transfer rate increases with decreased orientation energy, driven by enhanced energy level alignment. Maximum orientation energy (0.408 eV) was observed at 4.06 eV, with corresponding lowest transfer rate, whereas minimum orientation energy (0.334 eV) at 2.119 eV yielded higher transfer rates. The refractive index and dielectric constants derived from extinction and refraction coefficients significantly affect transition parameters. This work provides a detailed theoretical framework combining quantum transition models with empirical refractive and dielectric data to quantify energy alignment and transfer efficiency at a Zn/ZnO interface. The results offer a refined approach to predicting and optimizing electron transfer behavior in Zn/ZnO-based optoelectronic devices, informing future material design for enhanced energy conversion efficiency.

Beruni on The Holidays of Khorezmsk People

Gapparova Bakhtigul Razzaqovna — Sun, 13 Apr 2025 05:33:33 +0000

This article examines the historical formation and development of national holidays in the Khorezm oasis by conducting a comparative analysis of Abu Rayhan Beruni’s renowned work "Monuments Left by Ancient Peoples" and other written historical sources. The study seeks to highlight how traditional celebrations in Khorezm originated, evolved, and became culturally significant within the broader historical and social context. Special attention is given to Beruni’s documentation of ancient customs, which is critically compared with contemporary scholarly interpretations and historical literature. By integrating classical narratives with modern academic perspectives, the article offers new insights into the transformation and continuity of national holiday traditions in the region. The analysis also considers different historiographical approaches and emerging viewpoints in order to draw well-founded conclusions about the role of holidays in reflecting collective identity, social cohesion, and historical memory. Ultimately, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the Khorezm oasis’s rich cultural heritage and its connection to the broader legacy of Central Asian civilizations.

A Survey on Mathematical Methods and Their Impact on Modern Science

Ghufran khalil Joad, Rawnaq Kadhim Khaleefah — Fri, 25 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mathematics has been described as the "language of science" for many years, with mathematics forming the cornerstone of many of the greatest scientific advances. In this paper, there is given a comprehensive outline of the diversified mathematical methods involved in modern science and their extended impacts on subjects of physics, biology, computer science, and economics. Throughout the paper, the focus lies on the mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, optimization, and statistical methods to advance knowledge and tackle complex real-life problems. Moreover, we deal with the challenges and opportunities of introducing new mathematical techniques into modern science.

Degradation of Acidic Dyes by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Dlpak Shakor Saleh, Tamara N. Ahmed — Sun, 27 Apr 2025 02:19:38 +0000

This study looks at how acid dyes, often used in the textile industry, break down using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system and the H₂O₂/UV system. The research evaluates the efficiency of these processes in breaking down dye molecules, which reduces their environmental impact when released into wastewater. The H₂O₂/UV system, which combines hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet light, generates highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that enhance degradation. Researchers analyzed key parameters like dye concentration, pH, reaction time, and the dosage of H₂O₂ to determine optimal conditions for effective dye removal. The results indicate that the H₂O₂/UV system works better at breaking down dyes than using H₂O₂ by itself, making it a good option for cleaning wastewater with industrial dye pollution. This research looks at how Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) can remove and break down acidic dyes in polluted water by examining different factors, like the kind of oxidizing agent used, the pH level, the concentration of the dye, and how long the treatment lasts to make these processes more effective and lessen the environmental harm from pollutants.

Study of the Interaction Between Optical Materials and Solar Energy Cells to Enhance Energy Conversion Efficiency

Hamza Abbas Jawad Al-Nafi — Thu, 01 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In light of the increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy, solar cells have become one of the most promising solutions to meet global energy needs. However, the primary challenge lies in improving the efficiency of these cells to ensure the maximum conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Optical materials emerge as a key factor in this context, possessing the ability to enhance light absorption and reduce loss due to reflection.This research aims to study the interaction between optical materials and solar energy cells to understand how efficiency can be enhanced and significant progress achieved in energy conversion technology. By focusing on the unique properties of these materials and their integration into cell design, the study seeks to fabricate a dye-sensitized solar cell using ZnO semiconductors as photoanodes, a conductive electrode (cathode), and an electrolyte solution of (I2/KI). The ZnO semiconductors include ZnO nanoparticles (coated on glass). The conductive electrodes involve carbon also placed on glass. The dye used: Azo dye. The dye was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, with the azo group absorption observed around 1550 cm⁻¹ and the C=N group absorption around 1630 cm⁻¹. The dye's absorption spectrum was also characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which indicated that it absorbs light at 620 nm. Electrical measurements were carried out on the fabricated cell only.

The Issue of Children's Rights and Upbringing in The East (Based on Analysis of Historical Sources)

Matkarimova Nilufar Makhsudovna — Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article investigates the historical development of children's rights and upbringing practices in Eastern countries by drawing on a range of historical sources. It explores how different eras and cultures in the East approached child-rearing, focusing on both the methods employed and the extent to which children's rights were recognized and protected. The study highlights how upbringing practices have evolved over time, while also identifying core values that have remained consistent across generations. Through a comparative analysis, the authors examine the balance between traditional approaches and the demands of contemporary society, emphasizing how cultural heritage continues to influence modern educational and parental practices. By bridging the past and present, the article offers valuable insights into the shifting perceptions of childhood and the ongoing efforts to ensure the welfare and development of children in Eastern societies. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of the cultural foundations of children’s rights and the importance of adapting historical values to meet modern needs.